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We perform a detailed comparison of magnetotunneling in conventionallow-$T_c$ Nb/AlAlOx/Nb junctions with that in slightly overdopedBi$_{2-y}$Pb$_y$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+\delta}$ [Bi(Pb)-2212] intrinsic Josephsonjunctions and with microscopic calculations. It is found that both types ofjunctions behave in a qualitatively similar way. Both magnetic field andtemperature suppress superconductivity in the state-conserving manner. Thisleads to the characteristic sign-change of tunneling magnetoresistance from thenegative at the sub-gap to the positive at the sum-gap bias. We derivedtheoretically and verified experimentally scaling laws of magnetotunnelingcharacteristics and employ them for accurate extraction of the upper criticalfield $H_{c2}$. For Nb an extended region of surface superconductivity at$H_{c2}<H<H_{c3}$ is observed. The parameters of Bi(Pb)-2212 were obtained fromself-consistent analysis of magnetotunneling data at different levels of bias,dissipation powers and for different mesa sizes, which precludes the influenceof self-heating. It is found that $H_{c2}(0)$ for Bi(Pb)-2212 is $\simeq 70$ Tand decreases significantly at $T\rightarrow T_c$. The amplitude of sub-gapmagnetoresistance is suppressed exponentially at $T>T_c/2$, but remainsnegative, although very small, above $T_c$. This may indicate existence of anextended fluctuation region, which, however, does not destroy the generalsecond-order type of the phase transition at $T_c$.

physical review. b, condensed matter and materials physics

Comparative analysis of tunneling magnetoresistance in low-$T_c$  Nb/AlAlOx/Nb and high-$T_c$ Bi$_{2-y}$Pb$_y$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+\delta}$  intrinsic Josephson junctions