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Superconducting vortex lattices, glasses and liquids attract great interestas model systems of crystallization and as a source of microscopic informationof the nature of superconductivity. We report for the first time directmicroscopic measurements of the vortex lattice tilt modulus c44 in ultra-pureniobium using time-resolved small angle neutron scattering. Besides a generaltrend to faster vortex lattice dynamics for increasing temperatures we observea dramatic changeover of the relaxation process associated with the non-trivialvortex lattice morphology in the intermediate mixed state. This changeover isattributed to a Landau-branching of the Shubnikov domains at the surface of thesample. Our study represents a showcase for how to access directly vortexlattice melting and the formation of vortex matter states for other systems.

Time Resolved Stroboscopic Neutron Scattering of Vortex Lattice Dynamics in Superconducting Niobium