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The surface structure of the SrTiO$_3$(110) polar surface is studied byscanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Monophasedreconstructions in (5$\times$1), (4$\times$1), (2$\times$8), and (6$\times$8)are obtained, respectively, and the evolution between these phases can be tunedreversibly by adjusting the Ar$^{+}$ sputtering dose or the amount of Sr/Tievaporation. Upon annealing, the surface reaches the thermodynamic equilibriumthat is determined by the surface metal concentration. The different electronicstructures and absorption behaviors of the surface with differentreconstructions are investigated.

Evolution of the Surface Structures on SrTiO$_3$(110) Tuned by Ti or Sr Concentration