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We demonstrate that the electric field enhancement that occurs in a gapbetween two closely spaced nanostructures, such as metallic nanoparticles, isthe result of a transverse electromagnetic waveguide mode. We derive anexplicit semianalytic equation for the enhancement as a function of gap size,which we show has a universal qualitative behavior in that it appliesirrespective of the material or geometry of the nanostructures and even in thepresence of surface plasmons. Examples of perfect electrically conducting andAg thin-wire antennas and a dimer of Ag spheres are presented and discussed.

Fundamental Behavior of Electric Field Enhancements in the Gaps Between Closely Spaced Nanostructures