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We investigate the details of pattern formation and transitions betweendifferent modulated phases in ultra-thin Fe films on Cu(001). At hightemperature, the transitions between the uniform saturated state, the bubblestate and the striped state are completely reversible, while at low temperaturethe bubble phase is avoided. The observed non-equilibrium behavior can bequalitatively explained by considering the intrinsic energy barriers appearingin the system due to the competition between the short-ranged exchange and thelong-ranged dipolar interactions. Our experiments suggest that the height ofthese energy barriers is related to the domain size and is therefore stronglytemperature dependent.

(Ir-)Reversibility and thermal equilibrium in magnetic domain pattern formation in ultra-thin ferromagnetic films