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We study transport and optical properties of the surface states which lie inthe bulk energy gap of a thin-film topological insulator. When the filmthickness is comparable with the surface state decay length into the bulk, thetunneling between the top and bottom surfaces opens an energy gap and form twodegenerate massive Dirac hyperbolas. Spin dependent physics emerges in thesurface bands which are vastly different from the bulk behavior. These includethe surface spin Hall effects, spin dependent orbital magnetic moment, and spindependent optical transition selection rule which allows optical spininjection. We show a topological quantum phase transition where the Chernnumber of the surface bands changes when varying the thickness of the thinfilm.

Massive Dirac fermions and spin physics in an ultrathin film of topological insulator