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The structure and electronic order at the cleaved (001) surfaces of thenewly-discovered pnictide superconductors BaFe$_{2-x}$Co$_{x}$As$_{2}$ with xranging from 0 to 0.32 are systematically investigated by scanning tunnelingmicroscopy. A $\sqrt{2}\times\sqrt{2}$ surface structure is revealed for allthe compounds, and is identified to be Ba layer with half Ba atoms lifted-offby combination with theoretical simulation. A universal short-range chargeorder is observed at this $\sqrt{2}\times\sqrt{2}$ surface associated with anenergy gap of about 30 meV for all the compounds.

physical review. b, condensed matter and materials physics

Universal $\sqrt{2}\times\sqrt{2}$ structure and short-range charge  order at the surfaces of BaFe$_{2-x}$Co$_{x}$As$_{2}$ compounds with various  Co doping levels