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We have investigated the shifts of the core-level photoemission spectra ofLa$_{0.6}$Sr$_{0.4}$MnO$_3$ thin films grown on three kinds of substrates,SrTiO$_3$, (LaAlO$_3$)$_{0.3}$-(SrAl$_{0.5}$Ta$_{0.5}$O$_3$)$_{0.7}$, andLaAlO$_3$. The experimental shifts of the La 4d and Sr 3d core levels arealmost the same as the calculation, which we attribute to the absence ofcovalency effects on the Madelung potentials at these atomic sites due to thenearly ionic character of these atoms. On the other hand, the experimentalshifts of the O $1s$ and Mn $2p$ core levels are negligibly small, indisagreement with the calculation. We consider that this is due to the strongcovalent character of the Mn-O bonds.

Madelung potentials and covalency effect in strained La$_{1-x}$Sr$_x$MnO$_3$ thin films studied by core-level photoemission spectroscopy