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High resolution measurements of superfluid density and broadbandquasiparticle conductivity have been used to probe the low energy excitationspectrum of nodal quasiparticles in underdoped YBCO. Penetration depth ismeasured to temperatures as low as 0.05 K. Microwave conductivity is measuredfrom 0.1 to 20 GHz and is a direct probe of zero-energy quasiparticles. Thedata are compared with predictions for a number of theoretical scenarios thatcompete with or otherwise modify pure d-wave superconductivity, in particularcommensurate and incommensurate spin and charge density waves; d + i s and d +i d superconductivity; circulating current phases; and the BCS--BEC crossover.We conclude that the data are consistent with a pure d-wave state in thepresence of a small amount of strong scattering disorder, and are able to ruleout most candidate competing states either completely, or to a level set by theenergy scale of the disorder, ~ 4 K. Commensurate spin and charge densityorders, however, are not expected to alter the nodal spectrum and thereforecannot be excluded.

Stability of nodal quasiparticles in underdoped YBa2Cu3O6+y probed by penetration depth and microwave spectroscopy