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Based on the analysis of the measurement data of angle-resolved photoemissionspectroscopy (ARPES) and optics, we show that the charge transfer gap issignificantly smaller than the optical one and is reduced by doping in electrondoped cuprate superconductors. This leads to a strong charge fluctuationbetween the Zhang-Rice singlet and the upper Hubbard bands. The basic model fordescribing this system is a hybridized two-band $t$-$J$ model. In the symmetriclimit where the corresponding intra- and inter-band hopping integrals are equalto each other, this two-band model is equivalent to the Hubbard model with anantiferromagnetic exchange interaction (i.e. the $t$-$U$-$J$ model). Themean-field result of the $t$-$U$-$J$ model gives a good account for the dopingevolution of the Fermi surface and the staggered magnetization.

Doping dependent charge transfer gap and realistic electronic model of n-type cuprate superconductors