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In the last decade, transition-metal-doped ZnO has been intensivelyinvestigated as a route to room-temperature diluted magnetic semiconductors(DMSs). However, the origin for the reported ferromagnetism in ZnO-based DMSremains questionable. Possible options are diluted magnetic semiconductors,spinodal decomposition, or secondary phases. In order to clarify this question,we have performed a thorough characterization of the structural and magneticproperties of Co- and Ni-implanted ZnO single crystals. Our measurements revealthat Co or Ni nanocrystals (NCs) are the major contribution of the measuredferromagnetism. Already in the as-implanted samples, Co or Ni NCs have formedand they exhibit superparamagnetic properties. The Co or Ni NCs arecrystallographically oriented with respect to the ZnO matrix. Their magneticproperties, e.g., the anisotropy and the superparamagnetic blockingtemperature, can be tuned by annealing. We discuss the magnetic anisotropy ofNi NCs embedded in ZnO concerning the strain anisotropy.

Crystallographically oriented Co and Ni nanocrystals inside ZnO formed by ion implantation and postannealing