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The magnetic properties of biologically-produced magnetite nanocrystalsbiomineralized by four different magnetotactic bacteria were compared to thoseof synthetic magnetite nanocrystals and large, high quality single crystals.The magnetic feature at the Verwey temperature, $T_{V}$, was clearly seen inall nanocrystals, although its sharpness depended on the shape of individualnanoparticles and whether or not the particles were arranged in magnetosomechains. The transition was broader in the individual superparamagneticnanoparticles for which $T_{B}<T_{V}$, where $T_{B}$ is the superparamagneticblocking temperature. For the nanocrystals organized in chains, the effectiveblocking temperature $T_{B}>T_{V}$ and the Verwey transition is sharplydefined. No correlation between the particle size and $T_{V}$ was found.Furthermore, measurements of $M(H,T,time)$ suggest that magnetosome chainsbehave as long magnetic dipoles where the local magnetic field is directedalong the chain and this result confirms that time-logarithmic magneticrelaxation is due to the collective (dipolar) nature of the barrier formagnetic moment reorientation

Magnetic irreversibility and the Verwey transition in nanocrystalline bacterial magnetite