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sults are compared with Monte Carlo data of growing steps. In the Monte Carlo simulations the step has a finite length with periodic boundary conditions to reduce edge effects. After an equilibration period the step reaches its steady-state configuration in which all kink densities remain constant even though the step is moving across the surface at a con stant velocity. Both our theoretical model and the simulations are limited to the step and do not include the interaction between 2D nucleation and step flow. Also overhangs in the step direction are not allowed. Section II gives all details concerning the Monte Carlo simulations reported in this pa per. At some critical driving force, the step free energy is found to become zero. At this driving force, steps can be formed at zero free-energy cost and the crystal surface be comes rough. We propose to extend the zero step free-energy criterion, which is used for defining the onset of thermal roughening, to the nonequilibrium case, i.e., that of kinetic roughening.

Nonequilibrium free energy and kinetic roughening of steps on the Kossel(001) surface