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Fractionalization phenomenon of electrons in quantum Hall states is studiedin terms of U(1) gauge theory. We focus on the Chern-Simons(CS) fermiondescription of the quantum Hall effect(QHE) at the filling factor$\nu=p/(2pq\pm 1)$, and show that the successful composite-fermions(CF) theoryof Jain acquires a solid theoretical basis, which we call particle-fluxseparation(PFS). PFS can be studied efficiently by a gauge theory andcharacterized as a deconfinement phenomenon in the corresponding gaugedynamics. The PFS takes place at low temperatures, $T \leq T_{\rm PFS}$, whereeach electron or CS fermion splinters off into two quasiparticles, a fermionicchargeon and a bosonic fluxon. The chargeon is nothing but Jain's CF, and thefluxon carries $2q$ units of CS fluxes. At sufficiently low temperatures $T\leq T_{\rm BC} (< T_{\rm PFS})$, fluxons Bose-condense uniformly and (partly)cancel the external magnetic field, producing the correlation holes. Thispartial cancellation validates the mean-field theory in Jain's CF approach.FQHE takes place at $T < T_{\rm BC}$ as a joint effect of (i) integer QHE ofchargeons under the residual field $\Delta B$ and (ii) Bose condensation offluxons. We calculate the phase-transition temperature $T_{\rm PFS}$ and the CFmass. PFS is a counterpart of the charge-spin separation in the t-J model ofhigh-$T_{\rm c}$ cuprates in which each electron dissociates into holon andspinon. Quasiexcitations and resistivity in the PFS state are also studied. Theresistivity is just the sum of contributions of chargeons and fluxons, and$\rho_{xx}$ changes its behavior at $T = T_{\rm PFS}$, reflecting the change ofquasiparticles from chargeons and fluxons at $T < T_{\rm PFS}$ to electrons at$T_{\rm PFS} < T$.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figure

Gauge theory of composite fermions: Particle-flux separation in quantum Hall systems