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The smooth evolution of the tunneling gap of Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_8 with dopingfrom a pseudogap state in the underdoped cuprates to a superconducting state atoptimal and overdoping, has been interpreted as evidence that the pseudogapmust be due to precursor pairing. We suggest an alternative explanation, thatthe smoothness reflects a hidden SO(N) symmetry near the (pi,0) points of theBrillouin zone (with N = 3, 4, 5, or 6). Because of this symmetry, thepseudogap could actually be due to any of a number of nesting instabilities,including charge or spin density waves or more exotic phases. We present adetailed analysis of this competition for one particular model: the pinnedBalseiro-Falicov model of competing charge density wave and (s-wave)superconductivity. We show that most of the anomalous features of bothtunneling and photoemission follow naturally from the model, including thesmooth crossover, the general shape of the pseudogap phase diagram, theshrinking Fermi surface of the pseudogap phase, and the asymmetry of thetunneling gap away from optimal doping. Below T_c, the sharp peak at Delta_1and the dip seen in the tunneling and photoemission near 2Delta_1 cannot bedescribed in detail by this model, but we suggest a simple generalization toaccount for inhomogeneity, which does provide an adequate description. We showthat it should be possible, with a combination of photoemission and tunneling,to demonstrate the extent of pinning of the Fermi level to the Van Hovesingularity. A preliminary analysis of the data suggests pinning in theunderdoped, but not in the overdoped regime.Comment: 18 pages LaTeX, 26 ps. figure

Pinned Balseiro-Falicov model of tunneling and photoemission in the cuprates