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Both cuprates and iron-based superconductors demonstrate nematicity, definedas the spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry in electron systems. Thenematic state can play a role in the high-transition-temperaturesuperconductivity of these compounds. However, the microscopic mechanismresponsible for the transport anisotropy in iron-based compounds remainsdebatable. Here, we investigate the electronic anisotropy of CaFeAsF bymeasuring its interlayer resistivity under magnetic fields with varying fielddirections. Counterintuitively, the interlayer resistivity was larger in thelongitudinal configuration ($B \parallel I \parallel c$) than in the transverseone ($B \perp I \parallel c$). The interlayer resistivity exhibited a so-calledcoherence peak under in-plane fields and was highly anisotropic with respect tothe in-plane field direction. At $T$ = 4 K and $B$ = 14 T, themagnetoresistance $\Delta\rho/\rho_0$ was seven times larger in the $B\parallel b_o$ than in the $B \parallel a_o$ configuration. Our theoreticalcalculations of the conductivity based on the first-principles electronic bandstructure qualitatively reproduced the above observations but underestimatedthe magnitudes of the observed features. The proposed methodology can be apowerful tool for probing the nematic electronic state in various materials.

In-plane electronic anisotropy revealed by interlayer resistivity measurements on the iron-based superconductor parent compound CaFeAsF