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Novel two-dimensional electron systems at the interfaces and surfaces oftransition-metal oxides recently have attracted much attention as they displaytunable, intriguing properties that can be exploited in future electronicdevices. Here we show that a high-mobility quasi-two-dimensional electronsystem with strong spin-orbit coupling can be induced at the surface of aKTaO$_3$ (001) crystal by pulsed laser deposition of a disordered LaAlO$_3$film. The momentum-resolved electronic structure of the buried electron systemis mapped out by hard x-ray angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. From acomparison to calculations it is found that the band structure deviates fromthat of electron-doped bulk KTaO$_3$ due to the confinement to the interface.Nevertheless, the Fermi surface appears to be clearly three-dimensional. Fromthe $k$ broadening of the Fermi surface and core-level depth profiling weestimate the extension of the electron system to be at least 1 nm but not muchlarger than 2 nm, respectively.

Hard x-ray angle-resolved photoemission from a buried high-mobility electron system