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Inelastic electron tunneling in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is usedto generate excitons in monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS$_2$). Excitonicelectroluminescence is measured both at positive and negative sample bias.Using optical spectroscopy and Fourier-space optical microscopy, we show thatthe bias polarity of the tunnel junction determines the spectral and angulardistribution of the emitted light. At positive sample bias, only emission fromexcitonic species featuring an in-plane transition dipole moment is detected.Based on the spectral distribution of the emitted light, we infer that thedominant contribution is from charged excitons, i.e., trions. At negativesample bias, additional contributions from lower-energy excitonic species areevidenced in the emission spectra and the angular distribution of the emittedlight reveals a mixed character of in-plane and out-of-plane transition dipolemoments.

physical review. b./physical review. b

Electroluminescence of monolayer WS$_2$ in a scanning tunneling  microscope: the effect of bias polarity on the spectral and angular  distribution of the emitted light