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We set up a general microscopic theory for the transfer of energy, momentum,and angular momentum mediated by photons. Using the nonequilibrium Green'sfunction method, we propose a unified Meir-Wingreen formalism for the energyemitted, force experienced, and torque experienced by the objects due to thefluctuating electromagnetic field. Our theory does not require the localthermal equilibrium that is the central assumption of the conventional theoryof fluctuational electrodynamics (FE). The obtained formulas are valid forarbitrary objects as well as the environment without the requirement ofreciprocity. To show the capability of our microscopic theory, we apply thegeneral formulas to transport problems of graphene edges in both equilibriumand nonequilibrium situations. We show the local equilibrium energy radiationof graphene obeys the well-known $T^4$ law with a converged theoreticalemissivity of 2.058$\%$. In the ballistic nonequilibrium situation driven bychemical potential biases, we observe nonzero results for force and torque fromthe graphene edges, which go beyond the predictive ability of the FE theory.Our method is general and efficient for large systems, which paves the way forstudying more complex transport phenomena in the nonequilibrium regime.

Microscopic theory of photon-induced energy, momentum, and angular momentum transport in the nonequilibrium regime