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Tungsten is an important and versatile transition metal and has a firm placeat the heart of many technologies. A popular experimental technique for thecharacterisation of tungsten and tungsten-based compounds is X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which enables the assessment of chemicalstates and electronic structure through the collection of core level andvalence band spectra. However, in the case of metallic tungsten, open questionsremain regarding the origin, nature, and position of satellite features thatare prominent in the photoelectron spectrum. These satellites are a fingerprintof the electronic structure of the material and have not been thoroughlyinvestigated, at times leading to their misinterpretation. The present workcombines high-resolution soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SXPSand HAXPES) with reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS) and amulti-tiered ab-initio theoretical approach, including density functionaltheory (DFT) and many-body perturbation theory (G0W0 and GW+C), to disentanglethe complex set of experimentally observed satellite features attributed to thegeneration of plasmons and interband transitions. This combinedexperiment-theory strategy is able to uncover previously undocumented satellitefeatures, improving our understanding of their direct relationship totungsten's electronic structure. Furthermore, it lays the groundwork for futurestudies into tungsten based mixed-metal systems and holds promise for there-assessment of the photoelectron spectra of other transition andpost-transition metals, where similar questions regarding satellite featuresremain.

Lifetime effects and satellites in the photoelectron spectrum of tungsten metal