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Solid usually becomes harder and tougher under compression, and turns softerat elevated temperature. Recently, compression-induced softening andheating-induced hardening (CISHIH) dual anomaly was predicted in group VBelements such as vanadium. Here, the evidence for this counterintuitivephenomenon is reported. By using accurate high-temperature high-pressure soundvelocities measured at Hugoniot states generated by shock-waves, together withfirst-principles calculations, we observe not only the prominentcompression-induced sound velocity reduction, but also strong heating-inducedsound velocity enhancement, in shocked vanadium. The former corresponds to thesoftening in shear modulus by compression, whereas the latter reflects thereverse hardening by heat. These experiments also unveil another anomaly inYoung's modulus that wasn't reported before. Based on the experimental andtheoretical data, we infer that vanadium might transition from BCC into twodifferent rhombohedral (RH1 and RH2) phases at about 79GPa and 116GPa along theHugoniot, respectively, which implies a dramatic difference in static anddynamic loading, as well as the significance of deviatoric stress andrate-relevant effects in high-pressure phase transition dynamics.

Evidence for mechanical softening-hardening dual anomaly in transition metals from shock compressed vanadium