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We report a pervasive phenomenon of gradual emergence of negativemagnetization in typical $R_{1-x}D_x$MnO$_3$ orthorhombic perovskite manganitesin nano form (with $R^{3+}$ being a trivalent high-magnetic-moment ion from theheavier rare-earth elements Gd, Tb, Dy and $D^{2+}$ refers to divalent alkalineelements Sr, Ca, etc.), while the bulk form manifests no negativemagnetization. Extensive magnetization studies have been carried out inGd$_{1-x}$Ca$_x$MnO$_3$ manganites around half doping. We demonstrateexperimentally that particle size reduction in nano-form manganites enhancesthe propensity of the system to exhibit negative magnetization and provide atheoretical explanation for the phenomenon. To test the universality of ourfindings, we have extended the measurement to Dy$_{0.6}$Ca$_{0.4}$MnO$_3$ andobtained similar results.

Experimental and theoretical demonstration of negative magnetization induced by particle size reduction in nano-form Gd$_{1-x}$Ca$_x$MnO$_3$