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Breaking the reciprocity of electromagnetic interactions is of paramountimportance in photonic and microwave technologies, as it enables unidirectionalpower flows and other unique electromagnetic phenomena. Here we explore amethod to break the reciprocity of electromagnetic guided waves utilizing anelectron beam with a constant velocity. By introducing an effective dynamicconductivity for the beam, we theoretically demonstrate how nonreciprocalguided waves and a one-way propagating regime can be achieved through theinteraction of swift electrons with electromagnetic waves in two-dimensional(2D) parallel-plate and three-dimensional (3D) circular-cylindrical waveguides.Unlike the conventional electron beam structures such as traveling wave tubesand electron accelerators, here the goal is neither to generate and/or amplifythe wave nor to accelerate electrons. Instead, we study the salient features ofnonreciprocity and unidirectionality of guided waves in such structures. Therelevant electromagnetic properties such as the modal dispersion, the fielddistributions, the operating frequency range, and the nonreciprocity strengthand its dependence on the electron velocity and number density are presentedand discussed. Moreover, we compare the dispersion characteristics of waves insuch structures with some electric-current-based scenarios in materialsreported earlier. This broadband tunable magnet-free method offers a uniqueopportunity to have a switchable strong nonreciprocal response inoptoelectronics, nanophotonics, and THz systems.

Nonreciprocal guided waves in presence of swift electron beams