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The unequal electronic occupation of localized orbitals (orbitalpolarization), and associated lowering of symmetry and degeneracy, play animportant role in the properties of transition metal oxides. Here, we examinesystematically the underlying origin of orbital polarization, taking asexemplar the 3$d$ manifold of Co$^{2+}$ in a variety of spin, orbital andstructural phases in the double perovskite La$_2$CoTiO$_6$ and the (001)superlattice (LaCoO$_3$)$_1$+(LaTiO$_3$)$_1$ systems. Superlattices are ofspecific interest due to the large experimentally observed orbital polarizationof their Co cations. Based on first principles calculations, we find thatrobust and observable orbital polarization requires symmetry reduction throughthe lattice structure; the role of local electronic interactions is to greatlyenhance the orbital polarization.

Origin of the orbital polarization of Co$^{2+}$ in La$_2$CoTiO$_6$ and (LaCoO$_3$)$_1$+(LaTiO$_3$)$_1$ : a DFT+$U$ and DMFT study