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The origin of the interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) inducedin the ultrathin Fe layer on the Au(111) surface was examined usingsynchrotron-radiation-based M\"{o}ssbauer spectroscopy (MS), X-ray magneticcircular dichroism (XMCD), and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy(ARPES). To probe the detailed interfacial electronic structure of orbitalhybridization between the Fe 3$d$ and Au 6$p$ bands, we detected theinterfacial proximity effect, which modulates the valence-band electronicstructure of Fe, resulting in PMA. MS and XMCD measurements were used to detectthe interfacial magnetic structure and anisotropy in orbital magnetic moments,respectively. $In$-$situ$ ARPES also confirms the initial growth of Fe on largespin-orbit coupled surface Shockley states under Au(111) modulated electronicstates in the vicinity of the Fermi level. This suggests that PMA in theFe/Au(111) interface originates from the cooperation effects among the spin,orbital magnetic moments in Fe, and large spin-orbit coupling in Au. Thesefindings pave the way to develop interfacial PMA using $p$-$d$ hybridizationwith a large spin-orbit interaction.

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy at Fe/Au(111) interface studied by M\"{o}ssbauer, x-ray absorption, and photoemission spectroscopies