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The out-of-equilibrium dynamics of electrons and phonons upon laserexcitation are often described by the two-temperature model, which assumes thatboth subsystems are separately in thermal equilibrium. However, recentexperiments show that this description is not sufficient to describe theout-of-equilibrium dynamics on ultrashort timescales. Here, we extend and applya parameter-free microscopic out-of-equilibrium model to describe the ultrafastlaser-induced system dynamics of archetypical metallic systems such as gold,aluminum, iron, nickel, and cobalt. We report strong deviations from thetwo-temperature model on the picosecond timescale for all the materialsstudied, even for those where the assumption of separate thermal equilibriumsseemed less restrictive, like in gold. Furthermore, we demonstrate theimportance of the phonon-mode dependent electron-phonon coupling for therelaxation process and reveal the significance of this channel in the latticeequilibration through an indirect coupling between phonons via the electronicsystem.

Theory of out-of-equilibrium electron and phonon dynamics in metals after ultrafast laser excitation