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GdNi is a ferrimagnetic material with a Curie temperature Tc = 69 K whichexhibits a large magnetocaloric effect, making it useful for magneticrefrigerator applications. We investigate the electronic structure of GdNi bycarrying out x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray magnetic circulardichroism (XMCD) at T = 25 K in the ferrimagnetic phase. We analyze the GdM$_{4,5}$-edge ($3d$ - $4f$) and Ni L$_{2,3}$-edge ($2p$ - $3d$) spectra usingatomic multiplet and cluster model calculations, respectively. The atomicmultiplet calculation for Gd M$_{4,5}$-edge XAS indicates that Gd is trivalentin GdNi, consistent with localized $4f$ states. On the other hand, a modelcluster calculation for Ni L$_{2,3}$-edge XAS shows that Ni is effectivelydivalent in GdNi and strongly hybridized with nearest neighbour Gd states,resulting in a $d$-electron count of 8.57. The Gd M$_{4,5}$-edge XMCD spectrumis consistent with a ground state configuration of S = 7/2 and L=0. The NiL$_{2,3}$-edge XMCD results indicate that the antiferromagnetically aligned Nimoments exhibit a small but finite magnetic moment ( $m_{tot}$ $\sim$ 0.12$\mu_B$ ) with the ratio $m_{o}/m_{s}$ $\sim$ 0.11. Valence band hard x-rayphotoemission spectroscopy shows Ni $3d$ features at the Fermi level,confirming a partially filled $3d$ band, while the Gd $4f$ states are at highbinding energies away from the Fermi level. The results indicate that the Ni$3d$ band is not fully occupied and contradicts the charge-transfer model forrare-earth based alloys. The obtained electronic parameters indicate that GdNiis a strongly correlated charge transfer metal with the Ni on-site Coulombenergy being much larger than the effective charge-transfer energy between theNi $3d$ and Gd $4f$ states.

Electronic structure investigation of GdNi using X-ray absorption, magnetic circular dichroism and hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy