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Magnetic heterostructures that combine large spin-orbit torque efficiency,perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, and low resistivity are key to developelectrically-controlled memory and logic devices. Here we report on vectormeasurements of the current-induced spin orbit torques and magnetizationswitching in perpendicularly magnetized Pd/Co/AlO$_x$ layers as a function ofPd thickness. We find sizeable damping-like (DL) and field-like (FL) torques,of the order of 1~mT per $10^7$~A/cm$^2$, which have different thickness andmagnetization angle dependence. The analysis of the DL torque efficiency perunit current density and electric field using drift-diffusion theory leads toan effective spin Hall angle and spin diffusion length of Pd larger than 0.03and 7~nm, respectively. The FL SOT includes a significant interfacecontribution, is larger than estimated using drift-diffusion parameters, and isfurther strongly enhanced upon rotation of the magnetization from theout-of-plane to the in-plane direction. Finally, taking advantage of the largespin-orbit torques in this system, we demonstrate bipolar magnetizationswitching of Pd/Co/AlO$_x$ layers with similar current density as used forPt/Co layers with comparable perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.

Interface enhanced spin-orbit torques and current-induced magnetization switching of Pd/Co/AlO$_x$ layers