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Niobium thin films on silicon substrate used in the fabrication ofsuperconducting qubits have been characterized using scanning and transmissionelectron microscopy, electrical transport, magnetization, quasiparticlespectroscopy, and real-space real-time magneto-optical imaging. We studyniobium films to provide an example of a comprehensive analytical set that maybenefit superconducting circuits such as those used in quantum computers. Thefilms show outstanding superconducting transition temperature of $T_{c}=9.35$ Kand a fairly clean superconducting gap, along with superfluid density enhancedat intermediate temperatures. These observations are consistent with the recenttheory of anisotropic strong-coupling superconductivity in Nb. However, theresponse to the magnetic field is complicated, exhibiting significantlyirreversible behavior and insufficient heat conductance leading tothermo-magnetic instabilities. These may present an issue for furtherimprovement of transmon quantum coherence. Possible mitigation strategies arediscussed.

Quasiparticle spectroscopy, transport, and magnetic properties of Nb films used in superconducting transmon qubits