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We visualize the formation of fingered flow in dry model sandy soils underdifferent raining conditions using a quasi-2d experimental set-up, andsystematically determine the impact of soil grain diameter and surface wettingproperty on water channelization phenomenon. The model sandy soils we use arerandom closely-packed glass beads with varied diameters and surface treatments.For hydrophilic sandy soils, our experiments show that rain water infiltratesinto a shallow top layer of soil and creates a horizontal water wetting frontthat grows downward homogeneously until instabilities occur to form fingeredflows. For hydrophobic sandy soils, in contrast, we observe that rain waterponds on the top of soil surface until the hydraulic pressure is strong enoughto overcome the capillary repellency of soil and create narrow water channelsthat penetrate the soil packing. Varying the raindrop impinging speed haslittle influence on water channel formation. However, varying the rain ratecauses significant changes in water infiltration depth, water channel width,and water channel separation. At a fixed raining condition, we combine theeffects of grain diameter and surface hydrophobicity into a single parameterand determine its influence on water infiltration depth, water channel width,and water channel separation. We also demonstrate the efficiency of severalsoil water improvement methods that relate to rain water channelizationphenomenon, including pre-wetting sandy soils at different level beforerainfall, modifying soil surface flatness, and applying superabsorbent hydrogelparticles as soil modifiers.

Morphology of rain water channelization in systematically varied model sandy soils