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Nonreciprocal signal operation is highly desired for various acousticapplications, where protection from unwanted backscattering can be realized sothat transmitting and receiving signals are processed in a full-duplex mode.Here we present the realization of a class of nonreciprocal circulators basedon simply structured acoustic metagratings, which consist only of a few solidcylinders and a steady fluid flow with low velocity. These innovativemetagratings are intelligently designed via a diffraction analysis of thelinearized potential flow equation and a genetic-algorithm-based optimizationprocess. Unitary reflection efficiency between desired ports of the circulatorsare demonstrated through full-wave numerical simulations, confirmingnonreciprocal and robust circulation of the acoustic signal over a broad rangeof flow velocity magnitude and profile. Our design provides a feasible degreeof tunability, including switching from reciprocal to nonreciprocal operationand reversing the handedness of the circulator, presenting a convenient butefficient approach for the realization of nonreciprocal acoustic devices fromwavelength-thick metagratings. It may find applications in various scenariosincluding underwater communication, energy harvesting, and acoustic sensing.

Acoustic Metagrating Circulators: Nonreciprocal, Robust, and Tunable Manipulation with Unitary Efficiency