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Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows the establishment of commoncryptographic keys among distant parties. Many of the QKD protocols that wereintroduced in the past involve the challenge of monitoring the signaldisturbance over the communication line, in order to evaluate the informationleakage to a potential eavesdropper. Recently, a QKD protocol that circumventsthe need for monitoring signal disturbance, has been proposed and demonstratedin initial experiments. Here, we propose a new version of this so-calledround-robin differential phase-shifting (RRDPS) protocol, in which both timeand phase degrees-of-freedom are utilized to enlarge the Hilbert spacedimensionality, without increasing experimental complexity or relaxing securityassumptions. We derive the security proofs of the round-robin differentialphase-time-shifting (RRDPTS) protocol in the collective attack scenario andbenchmark the new protocol against RRDPS for different experimental parameters.Furthermore, a proof-of-concept experiment of the RRDPTS protocol, using weakcoherent pulses and decoy-state method, is demonstrated over 80 km of fiberlink. Our results show that the RRDPTS protocol can achieve higher secret keyrate in comparison with the RRDPS, in the condition of high quantum bit errorrate.

Round-robin differential phase-time-shifting protocol for quantum key distribution: theory and experiment