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Solid-state qubits incorporating quantum dots can be read out by gatereflectometry. Here, we theoretically describe physical mechanisms that rendersuch reflectometry-based readout schemes imperfect. We discuss charge qubits,singlet-triplet spin qubits, and Majorana qubits. In our model, we account forreadout errors due to slow charge noise, and due to overdriving, when a toostrong probe is causing errors. A key result is that for charge and spinqubits, the readout fidelity saturates at large probe strengths, whereas forMajorana qubits, there is an optimal probe strength which provides a maximizedreadout fidelity. We also point out the existence of severe readout errorsappearing in a resonance-like fashion as the pulse strength is increased, andshow that these errors are related to probe-induced multi-photon transitions.Besides providing practical guidelines toward optimized readout, our studymight also inspire ways to use gate reflectometry for device characterization.

Charge noise and overdrive errors in reflectometry-based charge, spin and Majorana qubit readout