English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Passive detection of special nuclear material (SNM) is challenging due to itsinherently low rate of spontaneous emission of penetrating radiation, therelative ease of shielding, and the fluctuating and frequently overwhelmingbackground. Active interrogation (AI), the use of external radiation toincrease the emission rate of characteristic radiation from SNM, has long beenconsidered to be a promising method to overcome those challenges. Current AIsystems that incorporate radiography tend to use bremsstrahlung beams, whichcan deliver high radiation doses. Low-energy ion-driven nuclear reactions thatproduce multiple monoenergetic photons may be used as an alternative. The$^{12}$C(p,p')$^{12}$C is one such reaction that could produce large gamma-rayyields of highly penetrating 4.4- and 15.1-MeV gamma rays. This reaction doesnot directly produce neutrons below the $\sim$19.7-MeV threshold, and the15.1-MeV gamma-ray line is well matched to the photofission cross-section of$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U. We report the measurements of thick-target gamma-rayyields at 4.4 and 15.1 MeV from the $^{12}$C(p,p')$^{12}$C at proton energiesof 19.5, 25, and 30 MeV. Measurements were made with two 3'' EJ309 cylindricalliquid scintillation detectors and thermoluminescent dosimeters placed at 0 and90 degrees. We estimate the highest yields of the 4.4- and 15.1-MeV gamma raysof 1.65$\times10^{10}$ sr$^{-1}\mu$ C$^{-1}$ and 4.47$\times10^8$ sr$^{-1}\mu$C$^{-1}$ at a proton energy of 30 MeV, respectively. The yield of 4.4 and 15.1MeV gamma rays in all experimental configurations is greater than a comparabledeuteron-driven reaction that produces the same gamma-ray energies-$^{11}$B(d,n$\gamma$)$^{12}$C. However, a two orders of magnitude increase ofthe neutron radiation dose is observed when the proton energy increases from19.5 to 30 MeV.

Characterization of the $^{12}$C(p,p')$^{12}$C Reaction (E$_p$=19.5$-$30 MeV) for Active Interrogation