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Oxidation strongly influences the properties of magnetic layers employed inspintronic devices. We study the effect of oxidation on the structural,magnetic, and electrical properties as well as current-induced spin-orbittorques (SOTs) in Pt/Co/AlOx, Pt/CoOx/Co/AlOx, and PtOx/Co/AlOx layers. We showhow the saturation magnetization, perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, anomalousHall resistance, and SOT are systematically affected by the degree of oxidationof both the Pt/Co and Co/Al interfaces. Oxidation of the Co/Al interfaceresults in a 21% and 42% variation of the dampinglike and fieldlike SOTefficiencies, which peak at 0.14 and 0.07, respectively. The insertion of aparamagnetic CoOx layer between Pt and Co maintains a very strong perpendicularmagnetic anisotropy and improves the dampinglike and fieldlike SOTefficiencies, up to 0.26 and 0.20, respectively. In contrast with recentreports, we do not find that the oxidation of Pt leads to a significantenhancement of the torques. Rather, we find that oxygen migrates from Pt to theCo and Al layers, leading to a time-dependent oxidation profile and aneffective spin Hall conductivity that decreases with increasing oxygenconcentration. Finally, we study current-induced switching in Pt/Co/AlOx withdifferent degrees of oxidation and find a linear relationship between thecritical switching current and the effective magnetic anisotropy controlled bythe oxidation of Al. These results highlight the importance of interfaces andoxidation effects on the SOT and magnetotransport properties of heavymetal/ferromagnet/oxide trilayers and provide information on how to improve theSOT efficiency and magnetization-switching characteristics of these systems.

Effects of Oxidation of Top and Bottom Interfaces on the Electric, Magnetic, and Spin-Orbit Torque Properties of Pt/Co/AlOx Trilayers