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We present the first experiments of dissolution-driven convection of carbondioxide (CO$_2$) in a confined brine-saturated porous medium at high pressures.We designed a novel Hele-Shaw cell that allows for both visual and quantitativeanalyses, and address the effects of free-phase CO$_2$ and brine composition onconvective dissolution. The visual examination of the gas volume combined withthe measurement of pressure, which both evolve with dissolution, enable us toyield insights into the dynamics of convection in conditions that more closelyreflect the geologic conditions. We find and analyze different dissolutionevents, including diffusive, early and late convection, and shut-down regimes.Our experiments reveal that in intermediate regime, a so-called `quasi-steady'state actually never happens. Dissolution flux continuously decreases in thisregime, which is due to a negative feedback loop: the rapid reduction ofpressure following convective dissolution, in turn, decreases the solubility ofCO$_2$ at the gas-brine interface and thus the instability strength. Weintroduce a new scaling factor that not only compensates the flux reduction butalso the nonlinearities that arise from different salt types. We present robustscaling relations for the compensated flux and for the transition times betweenconsecutive regimes in systems with NaCl (Ra $\sim$ 3271--4841) andNaCl+CaCl$_2$ mixtures (Ra $\sim$ 2919--4283). We also find that NaCl+CaCl$_2$mixtures enjoy a longer intermediate period before the shut-down ofdissolution, but with a lower dissolution flux, as compared to NaCl brines...

Convective dissolution of carbon dioxide in deep saline aquifers: Insights from engineering a high-pressure porous Hele-Shaw cell