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The measurement and control of the temperature in microscopic systems, whichare increasingly required in diverse applications, are fundamentally important.Yet, the measurement of the three-dimensional (3D) temperature distribution inmicroscopic systems has not been demonstrated. Here, we propose andexperimentally demonstrate the measurement of the 3D temperature distributionby exploiting the temperature dependency of the refractive index (RI).Measurement of the RI distribution of water makes it possible to quantitativelyobtain its 3D temperature distribution above a glass substrate coated with goldnanorods with sub-micrometer resolution, in a temperature range of 100C andwith a sensitivity of 2.88C. The 3D temperature distributions that are obtainedenable various thermodynamic properties including the maximum temperature, heatflux, and thermal conductivity to be extracted and analyzed quantitatively.

Optical measurements of three-dimensional microscopic temperature distributions around gold nanorods excited by surface plasmonics