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In this paper, we develop an approximate wide-bandwidth upper bound to theabsorption enhancement in arrays of metaparticles, applicable to generalwave-scattering problems and motivated here by ocean-buoy energy extraction. Weshow that general limits, including the well-known Yablonovitch result in solarcells, arise from reciprocity conditions. The use of reciprocity in thestochastic regime leads us to a corrected diffusion model from which we deriveour main result: an analytical prediction of optimal array absorption thatclosely matches exact simulations for both random and optimized arrays underangle/frequency averaging. This result also enables us to propose and quantifyapproaches to increase performance through careful particle design and/or usingexternal reflectors. We show in particular that the use of membranes on thewater's surface allows substantial enhancement.

From solar cells to ocean buoys: Wide-bandwidth limits to absorption by metaparticle arrays