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With recent advances in dynamic scanning probe microscopy techniques, it isnow a routine to image the sub-molecular structure of molecules withatomically-engineered tips which are prepared via controlled modification ofthe tip termination and are chemically well-defined. The enhanced spatialresolution is possible as atomically-engineered tips can preserve theirintegrity in the repulsive interaction regime. Although the mechanism ofimproved spatial resolution has been investigated both experimentally andtheoretically, the ultimate temporal resolution while preserving picometerscale spatial resolution still remains an open question. Here, wecomputationally analyze the temporal resolution of atomic force microscopyimaging with atomically-engineered tips. Our computational results reveal thatnon-metal terminated tips, e.g. oxygen-terminated copper, are well-suited forenhanced temporal resolution up to video rate imaging velocities whilepreserving picometer range spatial resolution. Contrarily, thehighest-attainable spatial resolution of atomically-engineered tips withlow-stiffness, e.g. CO-terminated, deteriorate with increasing imagingvelocity. Our results reveal that when atomically-engineered tips terminatedwith molecules are in use, imaging velocities in the order of nanometers persecond at most are inevitable even for atomically flat surfaces to retainatomic resolution and avoid slip-stick motion. In addition to shedding light onthe temporal resolution of atomic force microscopy imaging withatomically-engineered tips, our numerical results provide an outlook to thescalability of atom-by-atom fabrication using scanning probe microscopytechniques.

physical review applied

Limit of Temporal Resolution in Atomic Force Microscopy: How fast can we  image with atomically-engineered tips while preserving picometer range  spatial resolution?