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Accumulation of energy by reactive elements is limited by the amplitude oftime-harmonic external sources. In the steady-state regime, all incident poweris fully reflected back to the source, and the stored energy does not increasein time, although the external source continuously supplies energy. Here, weshow that this claim is not true if the reactive element is time-varying, andtime-varying lossless loads of a transmission line or lossless metasurfaces canaccumulate electromagnetic energy supplied by a time-harmonic sourcecontinuously in time without any theoretical limit. We analytically derive therequired time dependence of the load reactance and show that it can be inprinciple realized as a series connection of mixers and filters. Furthermore,we prove that properly designing time-varying LC circuits one can arbitrarilyengineer the time dependence of the current in the circuit fed by a giventime-harmonic source. As an example, we theoretically demonstrate a circuitwith a linearly increasing current through the inductor. Such LC circuits canaccumulate huge energy from both the time-harmonic external source and the pumpwhich works on varying the circuit elements in time. Finally, we discuss howthis stored energy can be released in form of a time-compressed pulse.

Unlimited Accumulation of Electromagnetic Energy Using Time-Varying Reactive Elements