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Photoinjectors are the main high brightness electron sources for X-ray freeelectron lasers (XFEL). Photoinjector emittance reduction is one of the keyknobs for improving XFEL lasing, so precise emittance measurement is critical.It's well known that rms emittance is very sensitive to low intensity tails ofparticle distributions in the phase space, whose measurement depend on thesignal to noise ratio (SNR) and image processing procedures. Such sensitivitiesmake the interpretations of beam transverse brightness challenging, leading todifferent emittance definitions to reduce the impact of tail particles. In thispaper, transverse phase space is analyzed in action and phase coordinates forboth analytical models and experiments, which give a more intuitive way tocalculate the beam core brightness.

Analysis of photoinjector transverse phase space in action and phase coordinates