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The neutron time-of-flight (n_TOF) facility at the European Laboratory forParticle Physics (CERN) is a pulsed white-spectrum neutron spallation sourceproducing neutrons for two experimental areas: the Experimental Area 1 (EAR1),located 185 m horizontally from the target, and the Experimental Area 2 (EAR2),located 20 m above the target. The target, based on pure lead, is impacted by ahigh-intensity 20-GeV/c pulsed proton beam. The facility was conceived to studyneutron-nucleus interactions for neutron kinetic energies between a few meV toseveral GeV, with applications of interest for nuclear astrophysics, nucleartechnology, and medical research. After the second-generation target reachedthe end of its lifetime, the facility underwent a major upgrade during CERN'sLong Shutdown 2 (LS2, 2019-2021), which included the installation of the newthird-generation neutron target. The first and second-generation targets werebased on water-cooled massive lead blocks and were designed focusing on EAR1,since EAR2 was built later. The new target is cooled by nitrogen gas to avoiderosion-corrosion and contamination of cooling water with radioactive leadspallation products. Moreover, the new design is optimized also for thevertical flight path and EAR2. This paper presents an overview of the targetdesign focused on both physics and thermo-mechanical performance, and includesa description of the nitrogen cooling circuit and radiation protection studies.

Design of the third-generation lead-based neutron spallation target for the neutron time-of-flight facility at CERN