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Protons and heavy-ion beams at unprecedented energies are brought intocollisions in the CERN Large Hadron Collider for high-energy experiments. TheLHC multi-stage collimation system is designed to provide protection againstregular and abnormal losses in order to reduce the risk of quenches of thesuperconducting magnets as well as keeping background in the experiments undercontrol. Compared to protons, beam collimation in the heavy-ion runs is morechallenging despite the lower stored beam energies, because the efficiency ofcleaning with heavy ions has been observed to be two orders of magnitude worse.This is due to the differences in the interaction mechanisms between the beamsand the collimators. Ion beams experience fragmentation and electromagneticdissociation at the collimators that result in a substantial flux ofoff-rigidity particles that escape the collimation system. These out-scatterednuclei might be lost around the ring, eventually imposing a limit on themaximum achievable stored beam energy. Accurate simulation tools are crucial inorder to understand and control these losses. A new simulation framework hasbeen developed for heavy-ion collimation based on the coupling of the Sixtracktracking code and the FLUKA Monte Carlo code that models the electromagneticand nuclear interactions of the heavy-ions with the nuclei of the collimatormaterial. In this paper, the new simulation tool is described. Furthermore,Sixtrack-FLUKA coupling simulations are presented and compared withmeasurements done with Pb ions in the LHC. The agreement between simulationsand measurements is discussed and the results are used to understand andoptimise losses. The simulation tool is also applied to predict the performanceof the collimation system for the High-Luminosity LHC.

Simulations of heavy-ion halo collimation at the CERN Large Hadron Collider: benchmark with measurements and cleaning performance evaluation