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When optically pumped magnetometers are aimed for the use in Earth's magneticfield, the orientation of the sensor to the field direction is of specialimportance to achieve accurate measurement result. Measurement errors andinaccuracies related to the heading of the sensor can be an even more severeproblem in the case of special operational configurations, such as for examplethe use of strong off-resonant pumping. We systematically study the maincontributions to the heading error in systems that promise high magnetic fieldresolutions at Earth's magnetic field strengths, namely the non-linear Zeemansplitting and the orientation dependent light shift. The good correspondence ofour theoretical analysis to experimental data demonstrates that both of theseeffects are related to a heading dependent modification of the interactionbetween the laser light and the dipole moment of the atoms. Also, our resultspromise a compensation of both effects using a combination of clockwise andcounter clockwise circular polarization.

Sources of heading error in optically pumped magnetometers operated at Earth's magnetic field