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The longitudinal momentum of the electron at the tunneling exit is a usefulquantity to make sense of the tunneling ionization process. It was usuallyassumed to be zero from a classical argument, but recent experiments show thatit must be nonzero in order to explain the measured electron momentumdistributions. In this article we show that the flow momentum of theprobability fluid is a sensible quantum mechanical definition fortunneling-exit momentum, and it can be (and in general is) nonzero at thetunneling exit point where the kinetic energy is zero by definition. We showthat this longitudinal momentum is nonzero even in the static or adiabaticlimit, and this nonzero momentum is a purely quantum mechanical effectdetermined by the shape of the wave function in the vicinity of the tunnelingexit point. Nonadiabaticity or finite wavelength may increase this momentumsubstantially, and the detailed value depends on both the atomic and the laserparameters.

On the longitudinal momentum of the electron at the tunneling exit