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We have performed a detailed experimental study of resistive cooling of largeensembles of highly charged ions such as Ar$^{13+}$ in a cryogenic Penningtrap. Different from the measurements reported in [M. Vogel et al., Phys. Rev.A, 043412 (2014)], we observe purely exponential cooling behavior whenconditions are chosen to allow collisional thermalization of the ions. Weprovide evidence that in this situation, resistive cooling time constants andfinal temperatures are independent of the initial ion energy, and that thecooling time constant of a thermalized ion ensemble is identical to thesingle-ion cooling time constant. For sufficiently high ion number densities,our measurements show discontinuities in the spectra of motional resonanceswhich indicate a transition of the ion ensemble to a fluid-like state whencooled to temperatures below approximately 14 K. With the final ion temperaturepresently being 7.5 K, ions of the highest charge states are expected to formion crystals by mere resistive cooling, in particular not requiring the use oflaser cooling.

Resistive cooling of highly charged ions in a Penning trap to a fluid-like state