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The performance of quantum error correction schemes depends sensitively onthe physical realizations of the qubits and the implementations of variousoperations. For example, in quantum dot spin qubits, readout is typically muchslower than gate operations, and conventional surface code implementations thatrely heavily on syndrome measurements could therefore be challenging. However,fast and accurate reset of quantum dot qubits--without readout--can be achievedvia tunneling to a reservoir. Here, we propose small-scale surface codeimplementations for which syndrome measurements are replaced by a combinationof Toffoli gates and qubit reset. For quantum dot qubits, this enables muchfaster error correction than measurement-based schemes, but requires additionalancilla qubits and non-nearest-neighbor interactions. We have performednumerical simulations of two different coding schemes, obtaining errorthresholds on the orders of $10^{-2}$ for a 1D architecture that only correctsbit-flip errors, and $10^{-4}$ for a 2D architecture that corrects bit- andphase-flip errors.

Measurement-free implementations of small-scale surface codes for quantum dot qubits