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We propose a universal experiment to measure the differential Casimir forcebetween a Au-coated sphere and two halves of a structured plate covered with aP-doped Si overlayer. The concentration of free charge carriers in theoverlayer is chosen slightly below the critical one, f or which the phasetransition from dielectric to metal occurs. One ha f of the structured plate isinsulating, while its second half is made of gold. For the former we considertwo different structures, one consisting of bulk high-resistivity Si and theother of a layer of silica followed by bulk high-resistivity Si. Thedifferential Casimir force is computed within the Lifshitz theory using fourapproaches that have been proposed in the literature to account for the role offree charge carriers in metallic and dielectric materials interacting withquantum fluctuations. According to these approaches, Au at low frequencies isdescribed by either the Drude or the plasma model, whereas the free chargecarriers in dielectric materials at room temperature are either taken intoaccount or disregarded. It is shown that the values of differential Casimirforces, computed in the micrometer separation range using these fourapproaches, are widely distinct from each other and can be easily discriminatedexperimentally. It is shown that for all approaches the thermal component ofthe differential Casimir force is sufficiently large for direct observation.The possible errors and uncertainties in the proposed experiment are estimatedand its importance for the theory of quantum fluctuations is discussed.

Universal experimental test for the role of free charge carriers in thermal Casimir effect within a micrometer separation range