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In this paper, we theoretically study x-ray multiphoton ionization dynamicsof heavy atoms taking into account relativistic and resonance effects. When anatom is exposed to an intense x-ray pulse generated by an x-ray free-electronlaser (XFEL), it is ionized to a highly charged ion via a sequence ofsingle-photon ionization and accompanying relaxation processes, and its finalcharge state is limited by the last ionic state that can be ionized by asingle-photon ionization. If x-ray multiphoton ionization involves deepinner-shell electrons in heavy atoms, energy shifts by relativistic effectsplay an important role in ionization dynamics, as pointed out in [Phys.\ Rev.\Lett.\ \textbf{110}, 173005 (2013)]. On the other hand, if the x-ray beam has abroad energy bandwidth, the high-intensity x-ray pulse can drive resonantphoto-excitations for a broad range of ionic states and ionize even beyond thedirect one-photon ionization limit, as first proposed in [Nature\ Photon.\\textbf{6}, 858 (2012)]. To investigate both relativistic and resonanceeffects, we extend the \textsc{xatom} toolkit to incorporate relativisticenergy corrections and resonant excitations in x-ray multiphoton ionizationdynamics calculations. Charge-state distributions are calculated for Xe atomsinteracting with intense XFEL pulses at a photon energy of 1.5~keV and 5.5~keV,respectively. For both photon energies, we demonstrate that the role ofresonant excitations in ionization dynamics is altered due to significantshifts of orbital energy levels by relativistic effects. Therefore it isnecessary to take into account both effects to accurately simulate multiphotonmultiple ionization dynamics at high x-ray intensity.

Interplay between relativistic energy corrections and resonant excitations in x-ray multiphoton ionization dynamics of Xe atoms