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Quantum features of correlated optical modes define a major aspect of thenonclassicality in quantized radiation fields. However, the phase-sensitivedetection of a two-mode light field is restricted to interferometric setups andlocal intensity measurements. Even the full reconstruction of the quantum stateof a single radiation mode relies on such detection layouts and the preparationof a well-defined reference light field. In this work, we establish the notionof the essential quantum correlations of two-mode light fields. It refers tothose quantum correlations which are measurable by a given device, i.e., theaccessible part of a nonclassical Glauber-Sudarshan phase-space distribution,which does not depend on a global phase. Assuming a simple four-portinterferometer and photon-number-resolving detectors, we derive thereconstruction method and nonclassicality criteria based on theLaplace-transformed moment-generating function of the essentialquasiprobability. With this technique, we demonstrate that the essentialquantum correlations of a polarization tomography scheme are observable even ifthe detectors are imperfect and cannot truly resolve the photon statistics.

Operational definition of quantum correlations of light